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If there is one philosophical doctrine that has not only survived but positively thrived throughout the vicissitudes of time, it is Stoicism. This system of thought, founded around 300 B.C., offers enduring wisdom that seamlessly bridges the ancient and the modern world. Stoicism has been perpetually embraced by kings, slaves, intellectuals, and even those undaunted by the high-octane rhythms of Silicon Valley.
Stoicism postulates that happiness could be attained by accepting the moment as it presents itself, by not allowing oneself to be controlled by the desires for pleasure or the fear of pain, and by using one’s mind to understand the world and to do one’s part in nature’s plan. Practically manifested, this often entailed the exhibition of fortitude in the face of adversity coupled with the employment of wisdom, justice, and integrity in one’s dealings.
What makes Stoicism particularly relevant in our modern world? Perhaps it is its focus on mental resilience, equanimity, and ethical conduct – timeless core values untrammeled by the relentless forward march of technology. Or perhaps it is its pragmatic nature, often manifesting as a philosophy of action, which resonates with the practitioners of our dynamic, change-driven times.
Born around 334 B.C. in Cyprus, Zeno of Citium found his life irrevocably changed following a shipwreck. Washing up ashore in Athens, Zeno happened upon a book about Socrates that kindled his interest in philosophy. Zeno studied under the Cynic philosopher Crates, among others, before incorporating several diverse philosophical teachings into one comprehensive system: Stoicism.
Zeno’s philosophy was defined by its emphasis on ethics over abstract theorization. The Stoicism that Zeno taught at the Athenian Stoa Poikile – the ‘painted porch’ – unfurled a philosophical canvas where virtue and reason reigned supreme. Zeno believed virtue to be the highest form of goodness, where virtuous actions were necessarily guided by reason. Moreover, Zeno subscribed to the view that one’s circumstances should never dictate one’s happiness. Thus, he preached acceptance of fate and focused on the elements within individual control.
Zeno’s Stoic teachings significantly influenced Roman culture and philosophical thought. His ideals on virtue, acceptance, and harmony resonate to this day, inspiring individuals from myriad backgrounds to raise their heads high amidst the tempest of life’s challenges.
And now we turn our lens to the life of Seneca the Younger, a flagbearer of Stoic philosophy within the Roman Empire. A gifted rhetorician, a successful playwright, and an advisor to Emperor Nero, Seneca artistically entwined his Stoic beliefs into his tragedies and essays, leaving behind a rich tapestry of philosophical thought. The trials and tribulations he met through his tumultuous life made him a living emblem of his own Stoic teachings.
One of Seneca’s most enduring missives to humanity was on the employment of reason to navigate life. As he opined, ‘All cruelty springs from weakness’. Through reason, he affirmed, we could avoid the pitfalls of passion-fueled cruelty.
Seneca’s writings were infused with the message that the cultivation of a virtuous character, unaffected by fortune’s favor or lack thereof, was the road to tranquility and happiness. A proponent of asceticism, he lived a relatively simple life, a testament to living fearlessly justified by virtue and wisdom. His works even today act as a guiding light for those seeking solace in the steadfastness of Stoic philosophy.
Arguably one of the most profound proponents of Stoicism was a man who was born into slavery. His name was Epictetus, a philosopher for whom the idea of Stoicism offered more than scholarly intrigue – it served as the very foundation of his existence, a blueprint for survival amidst the highest degrees of human suffering.
Born to a slave woman in Hierapolis, now modern-day Pamukkale in Turkey, Epictetus won his prized freedom eventually, but not before enduring years of hardship typically associated with a life of servitude. However, in an extraordinary inversion of fate, he discovered a passion for Stoicism during the depths of his trials. Epictetus was drawn to its ideal of imperturbable tranquility, regardless of external circumstances, making it an effective tool in mitigating his own suffering.
Epictetus’ teachings were concentrated on the dichotomy of control, distinguishing between things within our control (opinions, aims, desires, aversions) and things outside our control (body, property, reputation, command). According to his teachings, contentment comes from focusing our energy only on those things that are within our control. Anything that falls outside of this limited sphere should be met with indifference.
“We are disturbed not by events, but by the views which we take of them”, Epictetus once said. His emphasis on reframing perception as a tool to navigate adversity greatly contributes to Stoicism’s lasting relevance. His philosophies and teachings expressed a deeply rooted belief in reason over emotion, effectively decoupling circumstance from personal peace.
Marcus Aurelius, universally lauded as the adroit Stoic emperor, walked a balancing act between the duty of his imperial post and the principles of Stoicism. The stark justice and unbiased wisdom that characterized his reign are poignant vestiges of this incessantly stoic life. In his writings, particularly in his acclaimed philosophic opus ‘Meditations’, Aurelius digested profound stoic principles into personal musings, leaving an indelible legacy behind. His rare combination of worldly power and philosophical ambition has earned him the enduring moniker of the ‘Philosopher King’.
Not succumbing to the extravagance and opulence of his imperial reign, Marcus Aurelius remained steadfastly loyal to the philosophic tenets that guided him. A quote from his monumental work ‘Meditations’ beautifully distils the essence of Stoicism into a practical guidance: “The universe is change; our life is what our thoughts make it.” Here, Aurelius recognizes the mutable nature of our existence and highlights how our perception should navigate such uncertainty.
Remaining immune to the intoxication of the grandeur and privilege that came with being the Roman Emperor, Aurelius exercised his power bearing in mind the core stoic principles of virtue, acceptance, and inner peace. He held the conviction that personal virtue eclipsed all external events, a belief that remained a north star throughout his reign.
His rule stands as a historical testimony for maintaining stoic equanimity regardless of circumstance, a paradigm of uprightness, strategic acuity and elevated human spirit.
Renowned Christian theologians like Thomas Aquinas and Augustine of Hippo have incorporated and interpreted Stoic principles, making significant additions to the tapestry of spiritual literature and Christian thought. It’s fascinating to chart how these spiritual luminaries have adapted Stoic contexts to suit theology, leading to a synergistic blend of spiritual wisdom and Stoic resilience.
Stoicism’s profound influence on Thomas Aquinas is well-documented. He valued Stoicism for its emphasis on virtue, duty, and a life lived according to reason, resonating with his own Christian values. He viewed virtues as not mere human capacities but divine endowments. His astute interpretation absorbed Stoic ethics within the framework of Christian theology, crafting an enduring spiritual guidance that continues to inspire and instruct.
Augustine of Hippo’s theological writings reveal indirect, yet explicit Stoic influence. Augustine, an ardent Christian thinker, extensively dealt with inner struggle, sin and the human will. In many ways, he resembles an introspective Stoic sage, striving towards tranquility via the pursuit of wisdom. His confessions reflect the Stoic realization that wisdom and happiness come from one’s character rather than circumstances.
Like Stoics, Augustine preached accepting what one cannot control. This shows up in his quote, “Pray as though everything depended on God. Work as though everything depended on you.” A paradigm of Stoic-Catholic intellectual synthesis, Augustine’s works helped cement Stoicism’s place in Christian thought.
The influence of Stoicism reached far beyond the era of Greek and Roman empires, seeping into the fabric of modern philosophical thought. Two figures instrumental in this extension were René Déscartes and Francis Bacon, both pioneering figures in the advent of modern western philosophy. Epictetus’s words, “Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them,” resonates with their philosophies, reinforcing the enduring influence of stoic wisdom.
René Descartes, often dubbed the ‘Father of Modern Philosophy’, proposed radical ideas that brought a seismic shift in the existing paradigm. His most famous dictum, “Cogito, ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”), echoes the core Stoic principle of the primacy of reason. Descartes advocated for an internal, self-evident truth, which is independent of any external influences — a principle resonant with Stoic teachings of indifference to the mundane and unnecessary.
Descartes viewed emotions as natural phenomena that ought to be controlled by reason — an outlook where Stoic influence is profoundly evident. Equating peace of mind with the state of being undisturbed, Descartes believed in the importance of ruling our passions, and not being slaves to them, thereby striking a stoic chord.
Francis Bacon’s role in establishing the scientific method arguably makes him one of the foremost harbingers of the Scientific Revolution. Inspired by stoic principles, Bacon’s objectivist approach echoed the Stoic’s emphasis on logically understanding the world. Just as Epictetus advised detaching emotions from decision-making, Bacon insisted upon distancing personal biases while conducting scientific investigations.
For Bacon, the value of knowledge rested in its capacity to improve the human condition — a position mirroring the Stoic perspective of knowledge being the pathway to tranquility. His idea of harnessing nature for the welfare and betterment of mankind intersects with Marcus Aurelius’s application of reason for the benefit of society.
By fostering a spirit of inquiry devoid of emotional bias, and seeking knowledge for tranquillity and betterment, both Bacon and Descartes advanced a trail heavily scented by the footprints of Stoicism.
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, was a passionate student of history and read extensively about Stoic philosophy. His life and leadership style provide ample testament to the impact of Stoic ideals on his characterisation. It’s reported that he was greatly moved by Epictetus’ declaration, “No man is free who is not master of himself.”
Roosevelt’s tenacity, determination, and sense of public service were all hallmarks of his affinity toward Stoic virtues. His unyielding courage in the face of health problems, personal losses, and political challenges exhibited the Stoic principle of maintaining calm amidst turmoil. He viewed hardships as opportunities for personal growth, a sentiment echoing Epictetus’ teachings.
The Teddy bear, a popular toy to this day, was named following an incident where Roosevelt, out of compassion and fair play, refused to kill a defenseless bear. This act of mercy demonstrated his alignment to the Stoic principle of acting with justice and kindness.
Enhancing this, his readiness to face any challenge, be it leading his troops under fire or navigating complex political quagmires, embodied the Stoic’s indifference to hardship and suffering. In his words, “Do what you can, with what you have, where you are,” reflecting Epictetus’ teaching that humans should focus more on what they can control rather than lament over what they cannot.
Nelson Mandela never explicitly referenced Stoic philosophy, but his indomitable spirit and perseverance echo its core principles. A beacon of hope against apartheid in South Africa, Mandela’s fortitude was epitomized by the 27 long years he spent in prison, remaining mentally unbroken and unswayed in his beliefs.
In Robben Island prison, Mandela’s resolve was put to the test daily, suffering under inhumane treatment, hard labour, and harsh conditions. One should note the resonation here with Epictetus’ saying: “It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters.” Despite the grim realities of his existence, Mandela clung to the belief in equality and the abolishment of apartheid, maintaining his mental resilience and inner peace — a remarkably Stoic trait. He chose tranquility over bitterness, an embodiment of the wisdom delivered by Marcus Aurelius or Seneca.
The epitome of Mandela’s stoicism became evident during the negotiations for his release. He showed no vindictiveness or thirst for revenge. He extended his hand in reconciliation to those who had oppressed him and his people. It conformed to the Stoic principle of responding to hostility with wisdom and calm, encapsulated in Epictetus’ words: “He is a wise man who does not grieve for the things which he has not, but rejoices for those which he has.” Mandela’s life and leadership, hence, hold a unique place in the Stoic narrative, illustrating the power of moral courage, resilience, and persistent advocacy for justice and peace.
Stoicism, transcending time and space, continues to inspire contemporary leaders and public figures. Bill Clinton and Tim Duncan present convincing cases of incorporation and implementation of Stoic principles into their personal and professional lives, rendering them as modern practitioners of this ancient philosophy.
President Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, regularly turned to stoic literature for guidance throughout his career. One of his favored works is Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations, a pillar of stoic teachings. Clinton’s ability to maintain composure amidst political storms, soaring highs, and heart-wrenching lows speaks to the stoic conviction in his leadership. His quote, “If you live long enough, you’ll make mistakes. But if you learn from them, you’ll be a better person.” parallels the Stoics’ emphasis on learning from errors and adversity to improve oneself.
Clinton embodied stoic principles in his concern for mental and emotional resilience. His adherence to tranquility, regardless of external circumstances, resonates with the Stoic wisdom delivered by Epictetus—“It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters.” These Stoic enunciations helped shape his presidency, guiding him to weather challenging situations with equanimity.
Often referred to as “The Big Fundamental”, Tim Duncan is known for his stoic presence on the basketball court. As an NBA player, Duncan’s calm demeanor, resilience to pressure, and ability to focus on what he can control echoes the central teachings of Stoicism. He exemplified Marcus Aurelius’s injunction—“You have power over your mind – not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength.”
Amid the thrill and chaos of competitive sports, Duncan remained grounded, reminding us of the Stoic instruction to separate ourselves from the fleeting emotions and concentrate on our actions. In his own words, “Good, better, best. Never let it rest. Until your good is better and your better is best.” This synergizes with the stoic principle of constant self-improvement and progress, setting him apart as a Stoic in the contemporary world of sports.
Stoicism’s influence stretches into the heart of the modern tech industry—Silicon Valley, where numerous tech titans like Tim Ferriss and Jack Dorsey rely on stoicism to navigate their high-stress lifestyles.
Entrepreneur, author, and public speaker, Tim Ferriss has often credited Stoic philosophy as a significant factor in his success. Ferriss returns frequently to his favorite stoic book, “Letters from a Stoic” by Seneca, where he derives a wealth of inspiration and practical advice for his daily life. Ferriss’s life philosophy, “I am not the strongest, I am not the fastest, but I’m really good at suffering.”, aligns with the stoic emphasis on resilience in the face of challenges.
Through his podcasts and blogs, Ferriss regularly highlights the practicality of Stoic teachings, making the ancient wisdom more accessible to today’s generation. He actively promotes quotes like Marcus Aurelius’s wisdom— “It’s the way we choose to view it.”, emphasizing the stoic concept of perception being under our control.
As CEO of Twitter, Jack Dorsey lives by the mantra—“Expect the unexpected. And whenever possible, be the unexpected.” Dorsey’s embodiment of stoic tranquility in the face of the unforeseen resonates with Epictetus’ advice to accept events as they come. Under his stoic-inspired leadership, Twitter has shown resilience amidst turbulence and criticism.
Dorsey promotes stoicism in his personal and work life, crediting the philosophy for his ability to handle stress, make clear decisions, and lead his team effectively. He views the stoic focus on elements within one’s control as instrumental in his leadership, echoing the Stoic saying— “We suffer more in imagination than in reality.”
From Zeno of Citium to Tim Ferriss, from ancient marketplaces to Silicon Valley, Stoicism has championed an unwavering philosophy centered on serenity, resilience, and reason. Its enduring appeal lies in the universal applicability and the practical wisdom embedded within.
In the face of life’s adversities or the pursuit of personal growth, Stoic teachings illuminate a path forward. They remind us of our intrinsic ability to weather life’s storms, reinforce the power of a shift in perspective, and underscore the principle of focusing on what is within our control. As reflected aptly in the quote by Marcus Aurelius—“The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts.”
In essence, Stoicism ignites a flame within us to lead a virtuous life, irrespective of external circumstances. By chronicling the lives and beliefs of individuals who have benefited from Stoic principles, we hope to inspire readers to delve more profoundly into this timeless philosophy, setting them off on their life-changing journey into the realm of Stoicism.
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